1.
Building such huge walls required a great deal of planning. Thousands, if not lakhs of bricks or stones had to be prepared. This in turn meant enormous labour, provided, possibly, by thousands of men, women and children. And resources had to be found for all of this.
2.
Option C
3.
Some of the wealth that was obtained was kept by the leaders, some was given to the priests and the rest was distributed amongst the people. Some
wealth was used for the performance of yajnas or sacrifices in which offerings were made into the fire. These were meant for gods and goddesses. Offerings could include ghee, grain, and in some cases, animals.
4.
Option C
5.
Option A
6.
Most of Egypt is a dry desert, except for the lands along the river Nile.
Around 5000 years ago, kings ruled over Egypt. These kings sent armies to distant lands to get gold, silver, ivory, timber, and precious stones.
7.
Option A
8.
About 2500 years ago, some janapadas became more important than others, and were known as mahajanapadas.
9.
The new rajas of the Janapadas used to maintain armies. Soldiers were paid regular salaries and maintained by the king throughout the year. Some payments were probably made using punch marked coins
10.
People stopped living in many of the cities. Writing, seals and weights were no longer used. Raw materials brought from long distances became rare. In Mohenjodaro, we find that garbage piled up on the streets, the drainage system broke down, and new, less impressive houses were built, even over the streets.
11.
The other rajas were simply spectators who had to sit and watch the performance of the sacrifice and brought gifts for the main Raja.
12.
Peoples from Burzahom (Kashmir) had started to build pit-houses -dug into the ground with steps leading into them and provided shelter in cold weather.
13.
Option C
14.
Archaeologists have excavated a number of settlements in these janapadas, such as Purana Qila in Delhi, Hastinapura near Meerut, and Atranjikhera, near Etah (the last two are in Uttar Pradesh).
15.
A large number of objects were buried with the King's bodies. These
included food and drink, clothes, ornaments, utensils, musical instruments, weapons and animals. Sometimes even serving men and women were buried with the rulers. These are amongst the most elaborate burials known in world history.
16.
Many of the farmers and herders live in groups called tribes.
Usually two to three generations live together in small settlements or
villages. Most families are related to one another and groups of such
families form a tribe.
17.
Cotton was probably grown at Mehrgarh from about 7000 years ago. Actual pieces of cloth were found attached to the lid of a silver vase and some copper objects at Mohenjodaro. Archaeologists have also found spindle whorls made of terracotta and faience. These were used to spin thread.
18.
Priests taught students to recite and memorise each syllable, word, and sentence, bit by bit, with great care. Most of the hymns were composed,
taught and learnt by men. The Rigveda was recited and heard rather than read.
19.
All these burials have some common features. Generally, the dead were buried with distinctive pots, which are called Black and Red Ware. Also
found are tools and weapons of iron and sometimes, skeletons of horses, horse equipment and ornaments of stone and gold.
20.
1. Houses were either one or two storeys high, with rooms built around a courtyard. Most houses had a separate bathing area, and some had wells to supply water.
2. Many of these cities had covered drains. These were laid out in straight lines. Each drain had a gentle slope so that water could flow through it.
3. Very often, drains in houses were connected to those on the streets and smaller drains led into bigger ones.
4. As the drains were covered, inspection holes were provided at intervals to clean them.
5. All three — houses, drains and streets — were probably planned and built at the same time.
