1.
Option B
2.
Most of the things that have been found by archaeologists are made of stone, shell and metal, including copper, bronze, gold and silver. Copper and bronze were used to make tools, weapons, ornaments and vessels. Gold and silver were used to make ornaments and vessels.
3.
Option A
4.
Option D
5.
Beads were made out of carnelian, a beautiful red stone. The stone was cut, shaped, polished and finally a hole was bored through the centre so that a string could be passed through it.
6.
Egyptians built huge tombs, known as pyramids. When Egypt's Kings died,
their bodies were preserved and buried in these pyramids. These carefully preserved bodies are known as ‘mummies’.
7.
Option A
8.
A tool, the plough, was used to dig the earth for turning the soil and planting seeds. While real ploughs, which were probably made of wood,
have not survived, toy models have been found. As this region does not receive heavy rainfall, some form of irrigation may have been used. This means that water was stored and supplied to the fields when the plants were growing.
9.
People who planned the construction of special buildings in the city were called Rulers. It is likely that the rulers sent people to distant lands to get metal, precious stones, and other things that they wanted.
10.
The Harappans reared cattle, sheep, goat and buffalo. Water and astures were available around settlements. However, in the dry summer months large herds of animals were probably taken to greater distances in search of grass and water. They also collected fruits like ber, caught fish and hunted wild animals like the antelope.
11.
Most of Egypt is a dry desert, except for the lands along the river Nile.
Around 5000 years ago, kings ruled over Egypt. These kings sent armies to distant lands to get gold, silver, ivory, timber, and precious stones.
12.
Many of these cities had covered drains. They were laid out, in straight lines. Although we cannot see it, each drain had a gentle slope so that water could flow through it. Very often, drains in houses were connected to those on the streets and smaller drains led into bigger ones. As the drains were covered, inspection holes were provided at intervals to clean them. All three — houses, drains and streets — were probably planned and built at the same time.
13.
Cotton was probably grown at Mehrgarh from about 7000 years ago. Actual pieces of cloth were found attached to the lid of a silver vase and some copper objects at Mohenjodaro. Archaeologists have also found spindle whorls made of terracotta and faience. These were used to spin thread.
14.
The Harappans probably got copper from present-day Rajasthan, and even from Oman in West Asia. Tin, which was mixed with copper to produce bronze, may have been brought from present-day Afghanistan
and Iran. Gold could have come all the way from present-day Karnataka, and precious stones from present-day Gujarat, Iran and Afghanistan.
15.
Option A
16.
1. Some scholars suggest that the rivers dried up.
2. Others suggest that there was deforestation. This could have happened because fuel was required for baking bricks, and for smelting copper ores. Besides, grazing by large herds of cattle, sheep and goat may have destroyed the green cover.
3. In some areas there were floods. But none of these reasons can explain the end of all the cities. Flooding, or a river drying up would have had an
effect in only some areas.
4. It appears as if the rulers lost control. In any case, the effects of the change are quite clear. Sites in Sind and west Punjab (present-day Pakistan) were abandoned, while many people moved into newer, smaller settlements to the east and the south.
17.
The Harappans made seals out of stone. These are generally rectangular and usually have an animal carved on them.
18.
Seals may have been used to stamp bags or packets containing goods that were sent from one place to another. After a bag was closed or tied, a layer of wet clay was applied on the knot, and the seal was pressed on it. The impression of the seal is known as a sealing. If the sealing was intact, one could be sure that the goods had arrived safely.
19.
Lothal city beside a tributary of the Sabarmati, in Gujarat.
20.
Cities, such as Kalibangan and Lothal had fire altars, where sacrifices
may have been performed. And some cities like Mohenjodaro, Harappa, and Lothal had elaborate store houses.
