Option A

Kabir

(i) Before large kingdoms emerged, different groups of people worshipped their own Gods and Goddesses. As people were brought together through the growth of towns, trade and empires, new ideas began to develop. ii) The idea that all human-beings are not equal at birth gained ground during this period. iii) The idea of a Supreme God who could deliver humans from bondage through devotion or bhakti emerged. iv) Gods and goddesses worshipped in different areas came to be identified with Shiva, Vishnu or Durga.

Virashaivas

religious

When gods and goddess were identified with Shiva, the local myths and legends became part of the Puranic stories and the methods of worship introduced in the Puranas were followed for the local gods and goddesses.

Surdas

Option A

Sufis

Ramanujas doctrine has made the connection between the Tamil bhakti movement and temple worship.

Guru Angad compiled the compositions of Guru Nanak, to which he added his own in a new script known as Gurmukhi.

Hospice

Shankara

Option A

Option B

dargah

Kabir's teachings were based on a complete, indeed vehement and rejection of the major religious traditions. His teachings openly ridiculed all forms of external worship of both Brahmanical Hinduism and Islam, the pre-eminence of the priestly classes and the caste system. The language of his poetry was a form of spoken Hindi widely understood by ordinary people. He also sometimes used cryptic language, which was difficult to follow. Kabir believed in a formless Supreme God and preached that the only path to salvation was through bhakti or devotion. He drew his followers from among both Hindus and Muslims. His teachings reflect the secular values of life.

Option A

Khanqahs were like hospices. It was a place where the Sufi masters held their assemblies. Devotees of all descriptions including members from the royal and noble groups, and ordinary people gathered there. They discussed spiritual matters and were blessed by the saints.

renunciation